Minggu, 11 Juli 2010

BIOLOGY-Bio I

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines.
Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:
  1. Cells are the basic unit of life
  2. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
  3. Genes are the basic unit of heredity
  4. An organism will regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
  5. Living organisms consume and transform energy.
Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; and ecology examines how various organisms interrelate with their environment.

These are the main branches of biology :
  • Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
  • Anatomy - the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
  • Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
  • Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.
  • Bioinformatics - the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
  • Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.
  • Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
  • Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification
  • Cell biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.
  • Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
  • Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings.
  • Developmental biology - the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure.
  • Ecology - the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment.
  • Embryology - the study of the development of embryo (from fecondation to birth). See also topobiology.
  • Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
  • Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations
  • Ethology - the study of animal behavior.
  • Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.
  • Histology - the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy.
  • Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.
  • Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
  • Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
  • Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology
  • Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean.
  • Population biology - study of the populations of organisms - most often referred as ecology, or used to point out biology adaptations, biology events sum up
  • Population ecology - the study of populations of organisms, including how they increase and go extinct (dynamics)
  • Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
  • Pharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines.
  • Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
  • Phytopathology - the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
  • Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents
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