Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines.
Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
- Genes are the basic unit of heredity
- An organism will regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
- Living organisms consume and transform energy.
Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; and ecology examines how various organisms interrelate with their environment.
These are the main branches of biology :
- Aerobiology - study of airborne organic particles
- Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
- Anatomy - the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
- Astrobiology- the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. Also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy.
- Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
- Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.
- Bioinformatics - the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
- Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling.
- Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.
- Biomedical research - the study of the human body in health and disease
- Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
- Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification
- Building biology - study of the indoor living environment
- Botany - the study of plants
- Cell biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.
- Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
- Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings.
- Developmental biology - the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure.
- Ecology - the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment.
- Embryology - the study of the development of embryo (from fecondation to birth). See also topobiology.
- Entomology - the study of insects
- Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
- Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations
- Ethology - the study of animal behavior.
- Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and descent of species over time
- Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.
- Herpetology - the study of reptiles and amphibians
- Histology - the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy.
- Ichthyology - the study of fish
- Integrative biology - the study of whole organisms
- Limnology - the study of inland waters
- Mammalogy - the study of mammals
- Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.
- Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
- Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
- Mycology - the study of fungi
- Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology
- Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean.
- Oncology - the study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings
- Ornithology - the study of birds
- Population biology - study of the populations of organisms - most often referred as ecology, or used to point out biology adaptations, biology events sum up
- Population ecology - the study of populations of organisms, including how they increase and go extinct (dynamics)
- Population genetics - the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms
- Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
- Pathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
- Parasitology - the study of parasites and parasitism
- Pharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines.
- Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
- Phytopathology - the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
- Psychobiology - study of the biological bases of psychology
- Sociobiology - study of the biological bases of sociology
- Structural biology - a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
- Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents
- Zoology - the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammalogy, and Ornithology)
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